单词	microscope
释义	microscope A device for forming a magnified image of a small object. The simple microscope consists of a biconvex magnifying glass or an equivalent system of lenses, either hand-held or in a simple frame. The compound microscope (see illustration) uses two lenses or systems of lenses, the second magnifying the real image formed by the first. The lenses are usually mounted at the opposite ends of a tube that has mechanical controls to move it in relation to the object. An optical condenser and mirror, often with a separate light source, provide illumination of the object. The widely used binocular microscope consists of two separate instruments fastened together so that one eye looks through one while the other eye looks through the other. This gives stereoscopic vision and reduces eye strain. See also atomic force microscope; electron microscope; field-emission microscope; field-ionization microscope; phase-contrast microscope; scanning tunnelling microscope; ultraviolet microscope. See also Chronology: Microscopy. Compound microscopeMICROSCOPY c.1590 Dutch spectacle-makers Hans and Zacharias Janssen invent the compound microscope. 1610 Johannes Kepler invents the modern compound microscope. 1675 Anton van Leeuwenhoek invents the simple microscope. 1826 British biologist Dames Smith (d. 1870) constructs a microscope with much reduced chromatic and spherical aberrations. 1827 Italian scientist Giovanni Amici (1786–1863) invents the reflecting achromatic microscope. 1861 British chemist Joseph Reade (1801–70) invents the kettledrum microscope condenser. 1912 British microscopist Joseph Barnard (1870–1949) invents the ultramicroscope. 1932 Dutch physicist Frits Zernike (1888–1966) invents the phase-contrast microscope. 1936 German-born US physicist Erwin Mueller (1911–77) invents the field-emission microscope. 1938 German engineer Ernst Ruska (1906–88) develops the electron microscope. 1940 Canadian scientist James Hillier (1915– ) makes a practical electron microscope. 1951 Erwin Mueller invents the field-ionization microscope. 1978 US scientists of the Hughes Research Laboratory invent the scanning ion microscope. 1981 Swiss physicists Gerd Binning (1947– ) and Heinrich Rohrer (1933– ) invent the scanning tunnelling microscope. 1985 Gerd Binning invents the atomic force microscope. 1987 James van House and Arthur Rich invent the positron microscope.
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